Breastfeeding affects infant gut microbiota directly - by exposure to milk microbiota and indirectly - by maternal milk factors that affect bacterial growth and metabolism.
The ability of breast milk to modulate the neonates early gut microbiota has an important role to enhance infant health by having a long lasting effect on local and systemic immune system.
References:
- Van den Elsen LWJ, Garssen J, Burcelin R, Verhasselt V. Shaping the Gut Microbiota by Breastfeeding: The Gateway to Allergy Prevention?. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:47. Published 2019 Feb 27.doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00047
- Cederlund A, Kai-Larsen Y, Printz G, et al. Lactose in human breast milk an inducer of innate immunity with implications for a role in intestinal homeostasis. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53876.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053876
- Havlicekova Z, Jesenak M, Banovcin P, Kuchta M. Beta-palmitate - a natural component of human milk in supplemental milk formulas. Nutr J. 2016;15:28. Published 2016 Mar 17. doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0145-
- Huda MN, Ahmad SM, Kalanetra KM, et al. Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation and Vitamin A Status Are Associated with Gut Microbiome Composition in Bangladeshi Infants in Early Infancy & at 2 Years of Age. J Nutr. 2019;149(6):1075-1088. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz034
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